OBJECTIVES:This study sought to verify the effects of acupuncture as an adjuvant treatment for the control of asthma.METHODS:This was a randomized, controlled, crossover trial conducted at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. A total of 74 patients with mild/moderate, persistent asthma were randomized into two therapeutic groups: Group A - 31 patients underwent 10 real weekly acupuncture sessions, followed by a 3-week washout period and 10 sham weekly acupuncture sessions; and Group B - 43 patients underwent 10 sham weekly acupuncture sessions, followed by a 3-week washout period and 10 real weekly acupuncture sessions. Patients used short- and long-acting β-2 agonists and inhaled corticosteroids when necessary. Prior to treatment and after each period of 10 treatment sessions, the patients were evaluated for spirometry, induced sputum cell count, exhaled nitric oxide (NO) and with the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and Questionnaire on Quality of Life-Asthma (QQLA) questionnaires. Daily peak flow and symptom diaries were registered. The level of significance adopted was 5% (α=0.05).RESULTS:In Group B, after real acupuncture, there was a decrease in eosinophils (p=0.035) and neutrophils (p=0.047), an increase in macrophages (p=0.001) and an improvement in peak flow (p=0.01). After sham acupuncture treatment, patients experienced less coughing (p=0.037), wheezing (p=0.013) and dyspnea (p=0.014); similarly, after real acupuncture, patients reported less coughing (p=0.040), wheezing (p=0.012), dyspnea (p<0.001) and nocturnal awakening episodes (p=0.009). In Group A, there was less use of rescue medication (p=0.043). After the sham procedure, patients in Group A experienced less coughing (p=0.007), wheezing (p=0.037), dyspnea (p<0.001) and use of rescue medication (p<0.001) and after real acupuncture, these patients showed improvements in functional capacity (p=0.004), physical aspects (p=0.002), general health status (p<0.001) and vitality (p=0.019). Sham acupuncture also led to significant differences in symptoms, but these were not different from those seen with real acupuncture. Spirometry and exhaled NO levels did not show a difference between sham and real acupuncture treatment. In addition, no significant difference was demonstrated between treatments regarding the quality of life evaluation.CONCLUSION:Real and sham acupuncture have different effects and outcomes on asthma control. The crossover approach was not effective in this study because both interventions led to improvement of asthma symptoms, quality of life and inflammatory cell counts. Thus, sham acupuncture cannot serve as a placebo in trials with acupuncture as the main intervention for asthma.

The aim of this study was to review original scientific articles describing the relationship between atmospheric pollution and damage to human health. We also aimed to determine which of these studies mentioned public policy issues. Original articles relating to atmospheric pollution and human health published between 1995 and 2009 were retrieved from the PubMed database and analyzed. This study included only articles dealing with atmospheric pollutants resulting primarily from vehicle emissions. Three researchers were involved in the final selection of the studies, and the chosen articles were approved by at least two of the three researchers. Of the 84 non-Brazilian studies analyzed, 80 showed an association between atmospheric pollution and adverse effects on human health. Moreover, 66 showed evidence of adverse effects on human health, even at levels below the permitted emission standards. Three studies mentioned public policies aimed at changing emission standards. Similarly, the 29 selected Brazilian studies reported adverse associations with human health, and 27 showed evidence of adverse effects even at levels below the legally permitted emission standards. Of these studies, 16 mentioned public policies aimed at changing emission standards. Based on the Brazilian and non-Brazilian scientific studies that have been conducted, it can be concluded that, even under conditions that are compliant with Brazilian air quality standards, the concentration of atmospheric pollutants in Brazil can negatively affect human health. However, as little discussion of this topic has been generated, this finding demonstrates the need to incorporate epidemiological evidence into decisions regarding legal regulations and to discuss the public policy implications in epidemiological studies.

OBJETIVO: Após ter sido introduzida como disciplina eletiva (não obrigatória) no segundo semestre de 2002, a acupuntura tem sido ensinada na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP) desde então. Esse estudo foi realizado com o intuito de verificar o interesse e a aceitação da acupuntura entre os estudantes de medicina da FMUSP e se, de alguma forma, ela poderia influenciá-los positivamente, contribuindo para melhorar as suas competências. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi conduzido durante o período de 2002 a 2007, utilizando-se métodos de estatística descritiva. RESULTADOS: A média de todos os estudantes que concluíram a disciplina foi de 24,9 alunos por semestre, sendo que a média de estudantes de medicina por semestre é de 87,5 (28% de todos os estudantes de medicina nos 7º e 8º semestres). Após o primeiro semestre de formação básica em acupuntura, apenas oito alunos por grupo são promovidos (após seleção) para a Liga Médica Acadêmica de Acupuntura, que tem a duração de dois anos. Em todos os semestres, as oito vagas são preenchidas. Entre os estudantes que concluíram o curso, 98% consideraram-no de boa ou muito boa qualidade, 85% consideravam-se parcialmente capazes para empregar a acupuntura e 79% consideraram que o curso contribuiu para a sua educação médica. CONCLUSÃO: Existe um real interesse para a aprendizagem da acupuntura, pois em torno de 30% de todos os alunos quiseram passar por um breve treinamento em acupuntura, alguns deles optando por uma formação de dois anos em reconhecimento à importância da acupuntura como parte da capacitação profissional. Os resultados sugerem que a acupuntura deve ser incluída como uma disciplina eletiva para alunos de medicina.

OBJECTIVE: Since being introduced as an elective discipline (non-obligatory) in the second semester of 2002, acupuncture has been taught in the University of São Paulo School of Medicine. We conducted this study to verify interest and acceptance among under graduate medical students and to discern a positive influence contributing to improveing their skills. METHODS: The study was conducted from 2002 to 2007 using descriptive statistical methods. RESULTS: The average number of students who concluded the discipline is 24.9 students per semester with an average number of medical students per semester of 87.5 (28% of all medical students in the 7th and 8th semesters). After a semester of basic training in acupuncture, only eight students per group are promoted (after selection) to the Medical Academic League of Acupuncture which lasts for two years. Every semester, all eight vacancies are filled. Among the students who concluded the course, 98% described course quality as good or very good, 85% considered themselves at least partially able to use acupuncture and 79% stated that the course influenced them in their medical education. CONCLUSION: There is a genuine interest to learn acupuncture, almost 30% of all students volunteer for a brief training in acupuncture while some of them choose additional training of two years indue to the importance of acupuncture as part of professional skills. Results indicate that acupuncture should be included as an elective discipline for medical students.

Resumo: Na última década, a demanda da população mundial por práticas não-convencionais em saúde aumentou substancialmente, exigindo cada vez mais do médico noções básicas das diversas terapêuticas vigentes, a fim de que possa orientar os pacientes que, sob seus cuidados, desejem utilizar tratamentos distintos dos que está habituado a empregar. Desta forma, compete às escolas de medicina propiciarem aos graduandos e pós-graduandos o conhecimento das evidências científicas, dos pressupostos teóricos e das abordagens clínicas e terapêuticas empregadas por estas distintas formas de tratamento. Com o intuito de fomentar a discussão sobre o ensino de práticas médicas não-convencionais (homeopatia e acupuntura) nas faculdades de medicina brasileira, apresentamos esta revisão sobre o assunto, enfocando o interesse da população e da classe médica (estudantes, residentes e especialistas) nestas terapêuticas, a importância e as iniciativas brasileiras e de outros países no ensino na graduação, na pós-graduação e na residência, e as perspectivas para o futuro da educação médica em práticas não-convencionais em saúde.

Abstract: The world population’s demand for non-conventional practices regarding health care augmented substantially over the last decade, the doctors are being increasingly required to have the basic notions concerning the current diversified therapeutics, so that they can guide the patients under their care that want to use treatments which are different from those habitually used by them. ln this case the medical schools have to give the undergraduate and postgraduate students the knowledge referring to the scientific evidences, the theoretical presuppositions and the clinical and therapeutic approaches used in these different treatment forms. The present review has the purpose of fomenting the discussion regarding the teaching of non-conventional medical practices (homeopathy and acupuncture) in Bazilian Medical Schools. lt is focused on the interest of the population and of the medical class (students, residents and specialists) ln these referred therapeutics, on the importance of Brazilian initiatives, as well as those of other countries concerning undergraduate, postgraduate and residence teaching; and on the perspectives regarding medical education in terms of non-convenfional practices in health care.

A investigação sobre os efeitos da exposição humana à poluição ambiental iniciou de maneira sistemática, com abordagem científica, apenas no século XX, como conseqüência de uma série de acidentes ambientais percebidos por um significativo aumento na mortalidade e com a realização de estudos epidemiológicos observacionais e toxicológicos em animais. Tais estudos têm se concentrado nos países considerados desenvolvidos. Este artigo relata a experiência do Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental (LPAE), da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, no estudo dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos do sistema respiratório em face da exposição aos poluentes, utilizando abordagens experimentais e toxicológicas, complementadas com estudos epidemiológicos observacionais na cidade de São Paulo. Descreve como esses estudos se inserem no panorama mundial, convergindo para um consenso de que a poluição do ar é prejudicial à saúde pública, e que esses efeitos são observados inclusive em concentrações de poluentes abaixo dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação ambiental em vigor, fornecendo dados valiosos para subsidiar a tomada de decisões políticas e econômicas para a melhoria do meio ambiente.

Systematic investigation on the effects of human exposure to environmental pollution using scientific methodology only began in the 20th century as a consequence of several environmental accidents followed by an unexpected mortality increase above expected mortality and as a result of observational epidemiological and toxicological studies conducted on animals in developed countries. This article reports the experience of the Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory at the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, concerning the respiratory system and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in responses to exposure to pollution using toxicological and experimental procedures, complemented by observational epidemiological studies conducted in the city of São Paulo. It also describes these epidemiological studies, pointing out that air pollution is harmful to public health, not only among susceptible groups but also in the general population, even when the concentration of pollutants is below the limits set by environmental legislation. The study provides valuable information to support the political and economic decision-making processes aimed at preserving the environment and enhancing quality of life.

A investigação sobre os efeitos da exposição humana à poluição ambiental iniciou de maneira sistemática, com abordagem científica, apenas no século XX, como conseqüência de uma série de acidentes ambientais percebidos por um significativo aumento na mortalidade e com a realização de estudos epidemiológicos observacionais e toxicológicos em animais. Tais estudos têm se concentrado nos países considerados desenvolvidos. Este artigo relata a experiência do Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental (LPAE), da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, no estudo dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos do sistema respiratório em face da exposição aos poluentes, utilizando abordagens experimentais e toxicológicas, complementadas com estudos epidemiológicos observacionais na cidade de São Paulo. Descreve como esses estudos se inserem no panorama mundial, convergindo para um consenso de que a poluição do ar é prejudicial à saúde pública, e que esses efeitos são observados inclusive em concentrações de poluentes abaixo dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação ambiental em vigor, fornecendo dados valiosos para subsidiar a tomada de decisões políticas e econômicas para a melhoria do meio ambiente.

Systematic investigation on the effects of human exposure to environmental pollution using scientific methodology only began in the 20th century as a consequence of several environmental accidents followed by an unexpected mortality increase above expected mortality and as a result of observational epidemiological and toxicological studies conducted on animals in developed countries. This article reports the experience of the Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory at the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, concerning the respiratory system and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in responses to exposure to pollution using toxicological and experimental procedures, complemented by observational epidemiological studies conducted in the city of São Paulo. It also describes these epidemiological studies, pointing out that air pollution is harmful to public health, not only among susceptible groups but also in the general population, even when the concentration of pollutants is below the limits set by environmental legislation. The study provides valuable information to support the political and economic decision-making processes aimed at preserving the environment and enhancing quality of life.